James F. Kennedy, Ph.D.
Social Psychologist

Personal Information

Office address: Rm. 3655, Postal Square Bldg
Bureau of Labor Statistics
2 Massachusetts Ave. NE
Washington DC 20212

Office phone: (202) 691-6913
Fax: (202) 691-7007
Email: Kennedy_Jim@bls.gov

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Education

Ph.D., Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1992
M.A., Psychology, California State University, Fresno
B.A., Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson (with honors)

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Professional Experience

President
TeachTheFacts.org, Inc. Educational advocacy group

Research Psychologist
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC
January 1994 to Present

Assistant professor, part-time
Elon College, Elon College, NC
August 1993 to January 1994

Statistician/Psychologist II
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
June 1992 to January 1994
Doctoral Student/Research Assistant/Teaching Assistant
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, Department of Psychology
1989-1992

California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA
Master's student/Research Assistant/Teaching Assistant
1987-1989

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Publications and Reports

Kennedy, J. and Mendes, R. (2007, in press). Stochastic Barycenters and Beta Distribution for Gaussian Particle Swarms. In Proceedings of EPIA 2007 - Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence, December, 2007.

Kennedy, J. (2007). The particle swarm as collaborative sampling of the search space. Advances in Complex Systems, 10 (1),191-213.

Kennedy, J. (2007, in press). Particle Swarm Optimization. In The Encyclopedia of Machine Learning.

Kennedy, J. (2007, in press). Review of Engelbrecht's Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence. To appear in Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines.

Kennedy, J. (2006). In Search of the Essential Particle Swarm. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (DVD).

Kennedy, J. (2006). Swarm intelligence. In A. Zomaya (Ed.), Handbook of Innovative Computational Paradigms: Biological and Adaptive Computing. Secausus, New Jersey: Springer Verlag.

Poli, R., Langdon, W. B., Marrow, P., Kennedy, J., Clerc, M., Bratton, D., and Holden, N. (2006). Communication, Leadership, Publicity and Group Formation in Particle Swarms. Technical Report CSM-453, Department of Computer Science, University of Essex.

Kennedy, J., and Mendes, R. (2006). Neighborhood topologies in fully informed and best-of-neighborhood particle swarms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, 36 (4), 515-519.

Kennedy, J. (2006). Elementary language games in a particle swarm. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, Indianapolis, Indiana, May, 2006.

Kennedy, J. (2005). Why does it need velocity? Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, Pasadena, CA.

Kennedy, J. (2005). Dynamic-probabilistic particle swarms. In Proceedings of The Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2005), 201-207. Washington, DC.

Kennedy, J. (2004). Probability and dynamics in the particle swarm. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 340-347.

Mendes, R., Kennedy, J., and Neves, J. (2004). The fully informed particle swarm: simpler, maybe better. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 8, 204-210.

Kennedy, J. (2004). Particle swarms: optimization based on sociocognition. In L. N. de Castro and F. J. Von Zuben (Eds.) Recent Developments in Biologically Inspired Computing. Hershey, PA: The Idea Group, Inc.

Kennedy, J. (2004) Swarm intelligence. In A. Zomaya (Ed.), Handbook of Innovative Computational Paradigms: Biological and Adaptive Computing, 187-220. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Kennedy, J. and Mendes, R. (2003). Neighborhood topologies in fully-informed and best-of-neighborhood particle swarms. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Workshop on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications 2003 (SMCia/03), 45-50.

Kennedy, J. (2003). Head Spaces: Sociocognition in machines and in people. Proceedings of the Virtual Worlds and Simulation Conference, 2003.

Kennedy, J. (2003) Bare bones particle swarms. Proceedings of the IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 80-87. Indianapolis, IN.

Mendes, R., Kennedy, J., and Neves, J. (2003). Watch thy neighbor or how the swarm can learn from its environment. Proceedings of the IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 88-94. Indianapolis, IN.

Kennedy, J. (2002). We don't think the way we think we think. Review of Wegner's The Illusion of Conscious Will. Science, 296, p. 1973.

Mendes, R., Kennedy, J., and Neves, J. (2002, submitted). Watch thy neighbor or how the swarm can learn from its environment. IBERAMIA: The Iberoamerican Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Seville, November, 2002.

Kennedy, J., and Mendes, R. (2002). Population Structure and Particle Swarm Performance. Proceedings of the 2002 World Congress on Computational Intelligence.

Clerc, M., and Kennedy, J. (2002). The particle swarm: Explosion, stability, and convergence in a multi-dimensional complex space. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6, 58-73.

Kennedy, J. (2002, in press). Social Science is Not the Same As Cognitive Science: Bridging the Gap for the Prediction of Human Behavior. Proceedings of the Virtual Worlds and Simulation Conference 2002.

Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R. C., with Shi, Y. (2001). Swarm Intelligence. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann/ Academic Press.

Kennedy, J. (2001). Minimal Science in a Virtual Paradigm. Proceedings of the Virtual Worlds and Simulation Conference 2001, 207-212.

Kennedy, J. (2000). Human and Computer Learning Together in the Exteriorized Particle Swarm. Socially Intelligent Agents: The Human in the Loop, 83-89. Technical Report FS-00-04, AAAI Press. Kennedy, J. (2000).

Kennedy, J. (2000, in press). Human and computer learning together in the exteriorized particle swarm. The Human in the Loop: Papers from the 2000 AAAI Fall Symposium

Kennedy, J. (2000). Stereotyping: Improving particle swarm performance with cluster analysis. Proceedings of the 2000 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 1507-1512.

Kennedy, J. (2000). Sociocognitive computation: A new interdisciplinary convergence. Proceedings of the Virtual Worlds and Simulation Conference 2000 165-170.

Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R. (1999). The particle swarm: Social adaptation in information-processing systems. Chapter in D. Corne, M. Dorigo, and F. Glover (Eds.), New Ideas in Optimization. London: McGraw Hill

Kennedy, J. (1999). Review of the Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 153-156.

Kennedy, J. (1999). Minds and cultures: Particle swarm implications for beings in sociocognitive space. Adaptive Behavior Journal, 7, 269-288.

Kennedy, J. (1999). Small worlds and mega-minds: Effects of neighborhood topology on particle swarm performance. Proceedings of the 1999 Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1931-1938.

Kennedy, J. (1999). Artificial sociocognition: Cultures of belief in populations of eleMentals. Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Simulation, 50-55.

Kennedy, J. (1999). Summary of presentations and discussion. A New Agenda for Interdisciplinary Survey Research Methods, 32-34. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Kennedy, J. (1998). Methods of agreement: Inference among the eleMentals. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control (ISIC).

Kennedy, J., and Spears, W. M. (1998). Matching algorithms to problems: An experimental test of the particle swarm and some genetic algorithms on the multimodal problem generator. Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 78-83. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ.

Kennedy, J. (1998). The behavior of particles. Proceedings of the 1998 Evolutionary Programming Conference.

Kennedy, J. (1998). Thinking is social: Experiments with the adaptive culture model. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42,, 56-76.

LeRoy, D., and Kennedy, J. (1997). Calculating quantiles in floating-point-weighted data. Report to the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J. (1997). Minds and cultures: Particle swarm implications. Socially Intelligent Agents: Papers from the 1997 AAAI Fall Symposium, 67-72. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R. C. (1997). A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm. Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 4104-4109. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ.

Kennedy, J. (1997). Maximizing regularity, minimizing predictability: Stochastic systematic sampling from a stream of events. Social Science Computer Review, 15, 410-420.

Kennedy, J. (1997). The particle swarm: Social adaptation of knowledge. Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (Indianapolis, Indiana), 303-308. IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ.

Kennedy, J. (1996). Bad thinking, good problem-solving: Human irrationality and computational intelligence. Proceedings of the International Conference on Semiotics and Intelligent Systems, Vol.II, 361-366.

Eberhart, R. C., Simpson, P., and Dobbins, R. (1996), Computational Intelligence PC Tools. Boston: Academic Press Professional. (Consulting Editor.)

Kennedy, J. and Bosley, J. (1996). Opinions about computers: Field interviewers interact with the system. Report to the Division of Special Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J. (1996). Stochastic systematic sampling of field data for review. Report to the Statistical Methods Group, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R. C. (1995). Particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (Perth, Australia), IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ, IV: 1942-1948.

Kennedy, J. (1995). Empirical data review using cluster analysis. Report to the Statistical Methods Group, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Eberhart, R.C., and Kennedy, J. (1995). A new optimizer using particle swarm theory. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, (Nagoya, Japan), IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, NJ, 39-43.

Kennedy, J. (1995). Predicting the probabilities of occupations from establishment characteristics using a neural network. Report to the Statistical Methods Group, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J., Shelly, W., Jordan, B., Knestaut, A., Davis, W., Kramer, N. (1995). Report of the Customer Needs Identification Team to the Quality Management Team of the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J. (1995). Field staff review of schedule data. Report to the Occupational Compensation Survey Program, the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Kennedy, J., and Coe, W.C. (1994). Nonverbal signs of deception during posthypnotic amnesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42 (1), 13-19.

Kennedy, J. (1994). Testing the Survey of Employer-Provided Training employer training log. Report to the Division of Special Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Drigotas, S. M., Graetz, K. A., Kennedy, J., Cox, C., and Bornstein, G. (1993). The role of communication in interindividual-intergroup discontinuity. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37, 108-138.

Insko, C.A., Schopler, J., Kennedy, J.F., Dahl, K.R., Graetz, K.A., and Drigotas, S.M. (1992). Individual-group discontinuity as a function of realistic versus relativistic concerns. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 272-291.

Marti, N., Guess, L., Hubbard, M., and Kennedy, J. (1992). 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse pretest final report. Prepared for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Kennedy, J., and Hubbard, M.L. (1992). Report on cognitive sources of measurement error in the Stroke PORT assessment. Internal RTI document.

Kennedy, J. (1992). Attitude formation as a function of value and belief ratings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Kennedy, J. (1990). Deception and self-deception in posthypnotic amnesia. Unpublished master's thesis, California State University, Fresno.

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Unpublished Conference and Seminar Presentations

The particle swarm: Theme and variations on computational social learning. Fall 2006 Talk Series on Networks and Complex Systems, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, November 26, 2006.

Particle swarm short course. Three days of lectures at the University of Essex, Colchester, England, November 12, 13, and 14, 2006.

The particle swarm: Individual and collective intelligence. Keynote address at the Intelligent Systems and Design Applications conference. Jinan, China, October 16, 2006.

Cognition in its social context: The particle swarm. Plenary address at the Simulated Evolution and Learning (SEAL) conference. Hefei, China, October 18, 2006.

Particle swarms: Simulating the social adaptation of cognition. Presentation to the Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and Life Sciences. Johns Hopkins University, August 5, 2006.

The essential particle swarm. Colloquium at Brigham Young University, February 9, 2006.

Elementary language games in a particle swarm population. Colloquium at the University of Essex, Colchester, UK, February, 2006.

Particle swarms: Sociocognitive computation. Presented to the Universidade do Minho, Portugal, May 10, 2004.

Social Psychological Aspects of Survey Methodology: The Enterprise View. Presentation to the Office of Survey Methods Research, Bureau of Labors Statistics, June, 2004.

Sociocognitive computation with particle swarms. Presented to the Rochester Institute of Technology Computer Science seminar series, October 23, 2003.

Evolution beyond Darwin. All Souls Unitarian Church Frontiers of Knowledge lecture series, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN., April 27, 2003.

Sociocognitive computation with particle swarms. Seminar at Brookings Institution, June, 2002.

Use of Standard Programming Languages (e.g., Visual Basic) Rather than CAI Systems for Designing Large, Continuing, Federal Surveys. Panel discussion co-chair and discussant, FedCASIC, Washington, DC, March, 2001.

Divergent Organizational Cultures in CASIC Development. Presentation to the International Field Directors and Field Technology Conference, Portland, Oregon, May, 2000.

Graded, centered categories. Presentation to the BLS Behavioral Science Research Group, January, 1998.

Society and the individual: Optimizing cognition in Axelrod's culture model. Poster presented at the American Psychological Society convention, Washington, D.C., May, 1997.

The double roulette wheel: Assigning incoming data for review in a large distributed survey program. Paper presented with Karen Krein at the International Field Directors and Field Technology Conference, Norfolk, Virginia, May, 1997.

Applying technology to aggregate review in a new BLS wage survey. Poster presented with Frances Faltz-Harris at the American Association of Public Opinion Researchers conference, Norfolk, Virginia, May, 1997.

Interpersonal information processing: Social optimization of neural networks. Poster at the American Psychological Society annual convention, San Francisco, California, July, 1996.

Prior experience and attitudes toward computers affect how interviewers adapt to CAPI. Presentation with John Bosley to the International Field Directors and Field Technology conference, Snowbird, Utah, May, 1996.

Empirical data review: Objective detection of unusual patterns of data. Presentation to the Data Editing Workshop, Washington DC, March 22, 1996.

Social interaction can optimize numerical balance networks. Presentation to the Organizational Research Group, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, March 18,1996.

Social optimization of continuous-valued networks. Presentation to the International Sunbelt Conference on Social Networks, Charleston, South Carolina, February 22, 1996.

Cognition and social interaction: The particle swarm algorithm. Notational Engineering Laboratory seminar, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., January 31, 1996.

Neural networks for survey data analysis: OCSP job matches. Presentation to the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions seminar, Washington, DC, December 1, 1995.

Just how "personal" is a computer? Normative social influence by implied peers. Poster at the American Psychological Society annual convention, New York, NY, August, 1995.

Creative computing for survey design and implementation. Presentation to the International Conference of Field Directors and Field Technology, Deerfield Beach, Florida, May, 1995.

Respondent motivation, response burden, and data quality in the Survey of Employer-Provided Training. Presentation with Polly Phipps to the American Association of Public Opinion Researchers, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, May 1995.

Cognitive laboratory innovations in survey methodology: a case study. Presentation with M. Hubbard, R. Caspar, P. Biemer, and K. Wayne, to the International Conference on Survey Measurement and Process Quality. Bristol, U.K., April, 1995.

The social psychology of cooperation and competition within and between organizations. Presentation to the Washington Deming Study Group, Washington, DC, February, 1995.

Cognitive negativity in survey responding. Presentation to the Behavioral Science Research Group, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC, September, 1993.

Compliance with the experimenter: An inverse relationship between hypnosis susceptibility and conformity in a computerized laboratory paradigm. Presentation with M. Marsh and R. V. Levine at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, New York, April 1991.

Conformity to a personal computer's sense of humor. Presentation with Bibb Latané to the Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, Georgia, April, 1990.

Deception and self-deception in posthypnotic amnesia. Presentation with W. C. Coe at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston Massachusetts, August, 1990.

Conformity to humor ratings. Presentation to the Organizational Research Group (ORG), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, September 21, 1990.

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Professional memberships

American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Psychological Association
Association for Psychological Science


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